Glucose Metabolism and the Warburg Effect The metabolism of glucose, the central macronutrient, allows for energy to be harnessed in the form of ATP through the oxidation of its carbon bonds. This process is essential for sustaining all mammalian life. In mammals, the end product can be lactate or, upon full oxidation of glucose via respiration in the mitochondria, CO2. In tumors and other proliferating or developing cells, the rate of glucose uptake dramatically increases and lactate is produced, even in the presence of oxygen and fully functioning mitochondria. This process, known as the Warburg Effect, has been studied extensively (Figure 1). However, after careful inspection, it becomes apparent that its benefits for cell growth and survival are not yet resolved. This analysis will focus on several proposals for its function, and in each case we discuss their appeal as well as their drawbacks. Before our discussion of each proposal, we first introduce the Warburg Effect in a historical context with an emphasis on 

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